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| 680 |
| | | Husayn, the son of Ali, dies at Karbala in a battle against rival Muslims and becomes the most holy of Shi'ite martyrs | |
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| 691 |
| | | The Dome of the Rock is completed as a Muslim shrine on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem | |
|  | Jerusalem, Dome of the Rock
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| c. 700 |
| | | Shortage of manpower in the Muslim armies causes a change of policy, with non-Arabs now allowed to convert to Islam | |
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| c. 700 |
| | | Turkish tribes, northern neighbours of the Muslims in central Asia, begin to adopt Islam as their religion | |
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| 711 |
| | | Muslim Arabs cross from north Africa into Spain and drive the Visigoths from Toledo | |
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| 712 |
| | | Muslims, arriving from Persia through Baluchistan, occupy the region of Sind in western India | |
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| 732 |
| | | The Muslim advance into France is halted when Charles Martel defeats the Arabs between Poitiers and Tours | |
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| c. 750 |
| | | Sufism develops as a mystical strain within Islam | |
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| 750 |
| | | The Abbasids massacre the Umayyads in Damascus and establish a new caliphate | |
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| 751 |
| | | Muscat and Oman establish a tradition of spiritual rule by elected imams | |
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