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| 642 |
| | | The unopposed capture of Alexandria by the Arabs completes the Muslim conquest of Egypt | |
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| 643 |
| | | The Coptic Christians of Egypt become isolated after the Muslim conquest | |
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| 644 |
| | | After the assassination of Omar, Othman is elected as the third Muslim caliph | |
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| c. 650 |
| | | Under the caliph Othman, the revelations made to Muhammad are collected in their definitive form as the Qur'an | |
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| c. 650 |
| | | Jews and Christians, sharing with Muslims the status of 'people of the book', are promised religious tolerance in the Qur'an | |
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| 656 |
| | | Othman is assassinated, and Ali wins power as the fourth Muslim caliph - defeating Muhammad's widow Aisha at the 'battle of the camel' near Basra | |
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| 661 |
| | | Ali is assassinated and Mu'awiya becomes the fifth Muslim caliph, establishing the Umayyad dynasty | |
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| c. 661 |
| | | The emergence of the Shi'a party creates a major schism within Islam | |
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| 670 |
| | | The Arabs establish a garrison town at Kairouan, as a base for the conquest of northwest Africa | |
|  | Kairouan
Photograph Barnaby Rogerson
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| c. 670 |
| | | With the entire middle east under their control, the Arabs make Damascus the capital of the Umayyad caliphate | |
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