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| 615 |
| | | When the Persians sack Jerusalem, they carry off to Ctesiphon Christianity's most sacred relic - the True Cross | |
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| 714 |
| | | The death of the Frankish 'mayor of the palace' Pepin II is followed by civil war between members of his family | |
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| 724 |
| | | The civil war among the Franks ends with complete victory for Charles Martel, an illegitimate grandson of Pepin II | |
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| c. 850 |
| | | The caliphs in Baghdad begin to employ Turkish slaves, or Mamelukes, in their armies | |
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| c. 1000 |
| | | The feudal knight of northern Europe, wearing armour of chain mail on a sturdy horse, becomes the fighting machine of the Middle Ages | |
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| 1040 |
| | | In a battle near Elgin Macbeth kills his cousin Duncan, a rival claimant to the Scottish throne | |
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| 1040 |
| | | The Seljuk Turks win a victory at Dandanqan, which gives them a base in the north of Iran and Afghanistan | |
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| 1054 |
| | | A Russian chronicle makes the first mention of the marauding Polovtsy, who persistently raid Russian cities from the steppes | |
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| 1057 |
| | | Duncan's son, Malcolm, kills Macbeth in battle at Lumphanan - and in the following year is himself crowned at Scone | |
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| 1066 |
| | | Harold defeats at Stamford Bridge the joint army of his brother Tostig and of the Norwegian king, Harald Hardraade | |
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