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| | | | Judaism |
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| c. 245 |
| | | Origen, living in Caesarea, compiles the Hexapla, displaying versions of the Old Testament in six columns for comparative study | |
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| c. 300 |
| | | The Jews of the Diaspora have by now spread through much of the Roman empire, where they are treated with tolerance | |
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| c. 400 |
| | | The earlier of the two Talmuds, consisting of commentaries on the Mishnah, is collected by rabbis in Palestine | |
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| c. 500 |
| | | The scribes known as Masoretes safeguard the ancient Hebrew of the Torah by their careful copying of the text | |
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| c. 600 |
| | | Ritual intoning of the psalms, derived from Jewish synagogues, is formalized in Christian worship as Gregorian chant | |
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| c. 650 |
| | | Jews and Christians, sharing with Muslims the status of 'people of the book', are promised religious tolerance in the Qur'an | |
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| c. 750 |
| | | Karaism, relying on scripture rather than rabbinical commentary, develops among the Jewish community in Babylon | |
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| c. 800 |
| | | The Jews prosper in the Muslim and Carolingian empires, forming strong communities in Spain and in Germany | |
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| c. 930 |
| | | Saadiah Gaon writes a seminal work of Jewish philosophy in his Book of Beliefs and Opinions | |
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| c. 1000 |
| | | The Jews, barred from any work which Christians want to do, find profitable employment as money-lenders | |
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