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| 50 BC |
| | | The senate, controlled by Pompey and his faction, orders Caesar to disband his army and return to Rome | |
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| 49 BC |
| | | Pompey flees from Rome at the approach of Caesar, and boards a ship at Brindisi to sail eastwards | |
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| 49 BC |
| | | Julius Caesar moves fast to drive Pompey's supporters from Italy and to crush forces loyal to him in Spain | |
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| 46 BC |
| | | Vercingetorix is a prize exhibit in Caesar's great triumph in Rome, but the Celtic chieftain is strangled once the procession is over | |
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| 46 BC |
| | | Julius Caesar goes to Africa to confront the remainder of Pompey's forces, and defeats them at Thapsus – but two of Pompey's sons escape to Spain | |
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| c. 46 BC |
| | | Cleopatra travels to Rome with Caesarion, whom Caesar now officially recognizes as his son | |
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| 45 BC |
| | | In the final act of his long struggle with supporters of Pompey, Julius Caesar defeats their last survivors at Munda in Spain | |
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| 44 BC |
| | | Mark Antony gives a dramatic speech in praise of Caesar, calming the crowd but also positioning himself for the next stage in an ongoing power struggle | |
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| 42 BC |
| | | After their victory at Philippi, Octavian returns to Rome and Mark Antony remains in the east to control the extremities of the empire | |
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| 37 BC |
| | | Herod, appointed king of Judaea by the senate in Rome, establishes his rule over Palestine | |
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