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| 129 BC |
| | | Hipparchus completes the first scientific star catalogue, mapping some 850 stars | |
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| c. 50 BC |
| | | The Maya introduce a calendar which has a cycle of fifty-two years, known as the Calendar Round | |
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| 45 BC |
| | | Julius Caesar's new calendar is introduced, at a time when its predecessor has become out of step with the seasons by three months | |
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| c. 150 |
| | | Ptolemy writes in Alexandria an encyclopedic account of Greek scientific theory in cosmology, astronomy and geography | |
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| 921 |
| | | The Jewish calendar, deriving originally from the example of Babylon, is given its lasting form | |
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| 1054 |
| | | Astronomers in China and Japan observe the explosion of the supernova which is still visible as the Crab Nebula | |
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| 1066 |
| | | Halley's comet, appearing in the Normans' annus mirabilis, is later depicted in the Bayeux tapestry | |
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| 1543 |
| | | Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus publishes a book suggesting that the earth moves round the sun | |
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| c. 1576 |
| | | Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe builds Uraniborg, on the island of Hven, and makes it the world's leading observatory | |
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| 1582 |
| | | The new and more accurate Gregorian calendar is introduced by Gregory XIII in the papal states | |
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