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| | | Astronomy |
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| 129 BC |
| | Hipparchus completes the first scientific star catalogue, mapping some 850 stars | |
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| c. 50 BC |
| | The Maya introduce a calendar which has a cycle of fifty-two years, known as the Calendar Round | |
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| 45 BC |
| | Julius Caesar's new calendar is introduced, at a time when its predecessor has become out of step with the seasons by three months | |
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| 921 |
| | The Jewish calendar, deriving originally from the example of Babylon, is given its lasting form | |
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| 1054 |
| | Astronomers in China and Japan observe the explosion of the supernova which is still visible as the Crab Nebula | |
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| 1066 |
| | Halley's comet, appearing in the Normans' annus mirabilis, is later depicted in the Bayeux tapestry | |
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| 1543 |
| | Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus publishes a book suggesting that the earth moves round the sun | |
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| c. 1576 |
| | Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe builds Uraniborg, on the island of Hven, and makes it the world's leading observatory | |
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| 1582 |
| | The new and more accurate Gregorian calendar is introduced by Gregory XIII in the papal states | |
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| 1596 |
| | Tycho Brahe enters the service of the emperor Rudolf II in Prague, where he invites Johannes Kepler to join him | |
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