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| | | | South America |
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| c. 200 |
| | | The potato is cultivated in the Peruvian Andes | |
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| c. 500 |
| | | The city of Tiwanaku develops to the south of Lake Titicaca, and soon dominates the surrounding region | |
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| c. 700 |
| | | The quipu is used in the Wari culture and becomes the standard recording device of the Andean civilizations | |
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| c. 800 |
| | | Batán Grande, in northern Peru, becomes a great pilgrimage centre in the Sican culture | |
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| c. 900 |
| | | Chan Chan, today the largest of the ruined Andean cities, dominates the entire length of Peru | |
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| c. 1000 |
| | | The Inca ethnic group migrates into the region of the Cuzco valley in Peru | |
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| 1438 |
| | | After a decisive victory over the Chanca people, a young Inca prince seizes the throne in Peru and takes the name Pachacuti | |
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| c. 1440 |
| | | Cuzco, city of the Incas, grows rapidly in power after Pachacuti ('transformer of the earth') becomes emperor | |
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| c. 1450 |
| | | The massive architecture of the Incas, consisting of finely dressed irregular blocks of stone, becomes a feature of Cuzco | |
|  | Masonry in Cuzco
Photograph Josceline Dimbleby
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| c. 1450 |
| | | The most sacred of the Inca divinities, Punchao, is symbolized by a great golden disc representing the sun | |
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