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| c. 380 BC |
| | | Central to Plato's philosophy is the theory that there are higher Forms of reality, of which our senses perceive only a transient shadow | |
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| 367 BC |
| | | Aristotle, at the age of seventeen, comes to Athens to join Plato's academy | |
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| c. 350 BC |
| | | The Mahabharata, India's great national epic, begins to take shape | |
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| c. 330 BC |
| | | Aristotle tackles wide-ranging subjects on a systematic basis, leaving to his successors an encyclopedia of contemporary thought | |
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| c. 300 BC |
| | | The Indian epic of romance and adventure, the Ramayana, is probably the work of a single author at about this time | |
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| c. 185 BC |
| | | Plautus and Terence, in the second and third century BC, create a Roman drama based on Greek originals | |
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| c. 160 BC |
| | | The Roman statesman Cato the Elder writes Origines ('Origins'), a history of Rome which survives only in fragments | |
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| c. 120 BC |
| | | Sima Qian undertakes (and carries through against unusual odds) a major survey of Chinese history | |
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| -81 BC |
| | | Cicero, whose speeches become models of oratory, makes his first appearance in a Roman court | |
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| 52 BC |
| | | In his winter quarters Julius Caesar writes The Gallic War, an account of his own achievements in suppressing the Gauls | |
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