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| | | | Wars |
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| 448 BC |
| | | In the Peace of Kallias the Persians acknowledge the independence of Greek Ionia, and agree not to bring their fleet into the Aegean | |
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| 446 BC |
| | | Pericles negotiates a treaty, scheduled to hold for thirty years, establishing spheres of influence for Sparta (the mainland) and Athens (the Aegean coast and islands) | |
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| 431 BC |
| | | A sudden attack on Plataea (an ally of Athens) by Thebes (an ally of Sparta) begins the Second Peloponnesian War | |
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| 431 BC |
| | | The renewal of the Peloponnesian War prompts Thucydides to begin a great work of contemporary history | |
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| 430 BC |
| | | A plague strikes Athens in the second year of the Peloponnesian War | |
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| 427 BC |
| | | Athenians vote to kill all the men on the captured island of Mytilene, but the next day change their mind - almost too late | |
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| 414 BC |
| | | The Persians, renewing their interest in the Aegean, fund the Spartans in the building of a fleet to match that of Athens | |
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| 405 BC |
| | | The last remaining Athenian fleet is surprised and destroyed by the Spartans in the Hellespont | |
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| 404 BC |
| | | The famous Long Walls of Athens, her impregnable defence, are dismantled by the Spartans in the final act of the Peloponnesian War | |
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| 401 BC |
| | | Greek mercenaries, on the losing side at Cunaxa, begin a long journey home - described by Xenophon in the Anabasis | |
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