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| c. 460 BC |
| | | Herodotus, the 'father of history', writes his account of the Greco-Persian Wars from a vantage point in Asia Minor | |
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| 454 BC |
| | | Euripides enters the drama contest at the City Dionysia in Athens for the first time | |
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| c. 450 BC |
| | | The Sophists, professional philosophers, travel round Greece educating the sons of the rich | |
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| 423 BC |
| | | Socrates is now sufficiently prominent to be satirized in Clouds, a comedy by Aristophanes | |
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| 431 BC |
| | | The renewal of the Peloponnesian War prompts Thucydides to begin a great work of contemporary history | |
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| c. 425 BC |
| | | Aristophanes wins first prize in Athens for his comedy The Acharnians | |
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| 401 BC |
| | | Greek mercenaries, on the losing side at Cunaxa, begin a long journey home - described by Xenophon in the Anabasis | |
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| c. 400 BC |
| | | Daodejing ('The Way and the Power') is the book of Daoism | |
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| 399 BC |
| | | Socrates, convicted in Athens of impiety, is sentenced to death and drinks the hemlock | |
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| 387 BC |
| | | Plato establishes a school in Akademeia, a suburb of Athens | |
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