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| | | | Wars |
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| 493 BC |
| | | After six years the Persians recover control of Ionia, but Athens is now identified as a target for invasion | |
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| 490 BC |
| | | Darius sends a fleet across the Aegean, carrying a large army of infantry and cavalry for an attack on Athens | |
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| 490 BC |
| | | The Persian fleet secures the Greek island of Euboea before making the short crossing to Marathon on the mainland – where they await the Greeks | |
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| 490 BC |
| | | At Marathon the Athenian hoplites, heavily outnumbered, win a spectacular victory against the Persians – of whom the survivors escape in their ships | |
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| 490 BC |
| | | The Persian fleet moves south towards Athens, but then heads home across the Aegean without attempting an assault on the city | |
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| 483 BC |
| | | Themistocles persuades the Athenians to build up their fleet against the expected renewal of the threat from Persia | |
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| 481 BC |
| | | Xerxes I, renewing the campaign of his father Darius against the Greeks, leads a large army round the Aegean and through Thrace | |
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| 480 BC |
| | | 300 Spartans, led by Leonidas, die attempting to hold the pass of Thermopylae against the advancing Persian army | |
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| 480 BC |
| | | Athens, abandoned to the advancing Persians, is looted and destroyed | |
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| 480 BC |
| | | The Athenian fleet defeats a considerably larger Persian force in the narrow strait between Salamis and the mainland | |
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