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		Judaism
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		c. 280 BC
		The Jewish community of Alexandria coins the word diaspora for Jews living far from Israel

		c. 280 BC
		The Jews of Alexandria commission the Greek translation of the Old Testament which becomes known as the Septuagint

		141 BC
		Simon the Maccabee is appointed high priest of the Temple in Jerusalem, with the position declared hereditary in his family

		c. 140 BC
		The priestly Sadducees are confronted in the Sanhedrin by a new opposition party - the Pharisees

		c. 100 BC
		The Essenes, a Jewish sect, withdraw from secular life to form monastic communities in the desert

		20 BC
		Herod the Great, king of Judaea, begins to build a spectacular new Temple for the Jews on the sacred mount in Jerusalem

		c. 68
		The Essenes hide their sacred scrolls in caves near the Dead Sea, to save them from the Romans

		70
		The first yeshiva, established by Johanan ben Zakkai at Yavne, begins a strong tradition of Jewish scholarship in the Diaspora

		73
		The last of the Jewish insurgents are besieged in the stronghold of Masada, eventually killing each other to end their ordeal

		c. 200
		Rabbi Judah ha-Nasi compiles the Mishnah, a six-part digest of the Oral Torah

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