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| c. 550 BC |
| | The Indian physician Susruta pioneers plastic surgery of the nose | |
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| c. 550 BC |
| | Indian medical theory maintains that the body consists of three humours - spirit, phlegm and bile | |
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| c. 470 BC |
| | Vardhamana, an Indian prince, leaves home to live as a beggar - at the start of the Jain religion | |
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| c. 430 BC |
| | Siddartha Gautama, a prince in Nepal, leaves home to become a wandering ascetic | |
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| c. 424 BC |
| | Gautama Buddha preaches his first sermon, at Sarnath, setting out the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path | |
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| c. 424 BC |
| | Gautama, after a night of meditation under a pipal tree at Buddh Gaya, is 'enlightened' and becomes the Buddha | |
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| c. 420 BC |
| | Buddha introduces a vigorous tradition of monasticism, in the order of Buddhist monks known as Sangha | |
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| c. 400 BC |
| | The Upanishads, written over a long period from oral tradition, are the mystical texts of early Hinduism | |
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| c. 400 BC |
| | The kingdom of Magadha, with its capital at Rajgir (near modern Patna), emerges as the dominant power in north India | |
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| c. 350 BC |
| | The Mahabharata, India's great national epic, begins to take shape | |
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