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| c. 580 BC |
| | | The synagogue, as a simple place of Jewish worship, develops during the Babylonian captivity | |
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| c. 550 BC |
| | | The optimistic concept of the Messiah is part of the Jewish response to captivity in Babylon | |
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| 539 BC |
| | | A Persian army captures Babylon and brings it into the empire of Cyrus the Great | |
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| 539 BC |
| | | Returning to Jerusalem, the Jews begin to rebuild the Temple | |
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| 528 BC |
| | | The Phoenician cities, liberated from Babylonian rule, willingly accept inclusion in the Persian empire | |
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| 323 BC |
| | | Alexander, still only 33, dies in Babylon following a banquet | |
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| 312 BC |
| | | Seleucia is founded as a new capital on the Tigris, eclipsing Babylon and recycling much of the older city as building material | |
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| c. 50 BC |
| | | The Maya independently develop the concept of place value in numbers, previously pioneered in Babylon | |
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| c. 750 |
| | | Karaism, relying on scripture rather than rabbinical commentary, develops among the Jewish community in Babylon | |
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| from the 9th century |
| | | The ancient site of the city of Babylon is gradually abandoned and becomes covered in silt from the Euphrates, until archaelogical excavation begins in the 19th century | |
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