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| | | Dynasties and Royalty |
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| 550 BC |
| | Cyrus, king of the Persians, takes Ecbatana, capital city of the Medes, and establishes the first Persian empire | |
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| c. 550 BC |
| | An Etruscan dynasty rules in Rome and Etruscan influence is now dominant throughout central Italy | |
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| 522 BC |
| | Darius I wins the Persian throne and ushers in the heyday of the Achaemenid empire | |
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| c. 500 BC |
| | The rulers of Aksum, the first Ethiopian kingdom, claim descent from Solomon and the Queen of Sheba | |
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| c. 400 BC |
| | The kingdom of Magadha, with its capital at Rajgir (near modern Patna), emerges as the dominant power in north India | |
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| 356 BC |
| | Philip II sets about making Macedon the most powerful state in Greece | |
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| 356 BC |
| | Alexander the Great is born in Pella, the capital of his father Philip II, at the heart of the expanding Macedonian kingdom | |
| | Pella, mosaic Fotofile CG
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| 323 BC |
| | Alexander, still only 33, dies in Babylon following a banquet | |
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| from 323 BC |
| | The spread of Greek rule by Alexander introduces the Hellenistic age, which will last for three centuries | |
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| 323 BC |
| | Alexander's generals decide that the joint heirs to his throne shall be his half-brother (Philip III) and his posthumous son by Roxana (Alexander IV) | |
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