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| c. 667 BC |
| | | Byzantium (the future Constantinople) is founded as a colony of Megara, a Greek city-state | |
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| c. 650 BC |
| | | The earliest known coins are minted in Ephesus, bean-shaped and struck on one side with a distinguishing mark | |
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| 612 BC |
| | | The Babylonians defeat an Egyptian army at Carchemish, but do not press on into Egypt | |
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| c. 570 BC |
| | | Anaximander, a pupil of Thales, develops bold theories about the formation of the earth and the beginning of life | |
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| c. 550 BC |
| | | Croesus builds a spectacular temple at Ephesus in honour of Artemis, or Diana | |
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| 546 BC |
| | | Sardis, the capital city of the Lydian ruler Croesus, is taken by the Persians | |
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| c. 545 BC |
| | | Cyrus annexes the Greek territory of Ionia as part of his empire, giving Persia a presence on the Aegean | |
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| 499 BC |
| | | The Greek cities of Ionia rebel against Persian rule, with the partial support of Athens | |
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| 493 BC |
| | | After six years the Persians recover control of Ionia, but Athens is now identified as a target for invasion | |
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| 490 BC |
| | | Darius sends a fleet across the Aegean, carrying a large army of infantry and cavalry for an attack on Athens | |
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