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| | | | War |
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| 612 BC |
| | | The Babylonians defeat an Egyptian army at Carchemish, but do not press on into Egypt | |
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| c. 550 BC |
| | | The hoplite - a Greek citizen, heavily armed in bronze and leather - proves a formidable fighting man | |
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| c. 550 BC |
| | | The phalanx, though not originally devised in Greece, is a devastating formation on the battlefield when composed of hoplites | |
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| c. 550 BC |
| | | The Greek city states pioneer the use of citizen armies, made up of free men who bring their own fighting equipment | |
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| c. 545 BC |
| | | Cyrus annexes the Greek territory of Ionia as part of his empire, giving Persia a presence on the Aegean | |
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| c. 500 BC |
| | | The 10,000 elite troops of the Persian empire, known as the Immortals, demonstrate the power of a professional standing army | |
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| c. 500 BC |
| | | The Greeks add a third bank of oars to their war galleys, turning the bireme into a trireme | |
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| 499 BC |
| | | The Greek cities of Ionia rebel against Persian rule, with the partial support of Athens | |
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| 493 BC |
| | | After six years the Persians recover control of Ionia, but Athens is now identified as a target for invasion | |
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| 490 BC |
| | | Darius sends a fleet across the Aegean, carrying a large army of infantry and cavalry for an attack on Athens | |
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