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| | | | Commerce and industry |
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| c. 1000 BC |
| | | Tyre and Sidon have by now replaced Byblos as the dominant cities within Phoenicia | |
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| c. 970 BC |
| | | Hiram, the Phoenician king of Tyre, is an enthusiastic trading partner of King David in Jerusalem, and later of Solomon | |
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| c. 950 BC |
| | | Wood from the famous cedars of Lebanon is only one of the many luxury goods traded by the Phoenicians | |
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| c. 650 BC |
| | | The earliest known coins are minted in Ephesus, bean-shaped and struck on one side with a distinguishing mark | |
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| c. 440 BC |
| | | An extensive trading network, backed up by force, gives Athens control over the whole of the Aegean and the Black Sea | |
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| c. 350 BC |
| | | Private financiers in Athens give loans, take deposits, change money from one currency to another and arrange credit for travellers | |
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| 299 BC |
| | | Seleucus founds Antioch as a Greek city on the trade route between Mesopotamia and Europe | |
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| c. 200 BC |
| | | The oasis city of Palmyra acquires importance on the caravan route between Mesopotamia and the Mediterranean | |
|  | Palmyra
Fotofile CG
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| 106 BC |
| | | A caravan leaves China with goods destined for Persia - proof that the eastern half of the Silk Road is now open | |
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| 64 BC |
| | | The Roman annexation of Syria brings the Silk Road all the way to the Mediterranean | |
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