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| | | North Africa |
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| c. 3000 BC |
| | The ass, until now roaming wild from northeast Africa to Mesopotamia, is domesticated in Egypt | |
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| c. 3000 BC |
| | The earliest known currency, consisting of gold bars, is in use in Egypt and Mespotamia | |
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| c. 3000 BC |
| | The world's earliest known board game, senet, is played in Egypt | |
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| 2781 BC |
| | Sirius rises in this year on the first day of the first Egyptian month - a rare event which possibly launches the Egyptian calendar system | |
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| c. 2620 BC |
| | Imhotep creates the first pyramid - the 'step pyramid' at Saqqara - as a tomb for the pharaoh Djoser | |
| | Saqqara Fotofile CG
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| c. 2580 BC |
| | Egypt enters the period known as the Old Kingdom, its first era of monumental architecture | |
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| c. 2500 BC |
| | The first and largest of the three great pyramids at Giza is built for the pharaoh Khufu, later known to the Greeks as Cheops | |
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| c. 2500 BC |
| | A boat of cedar planks, some 44 metres long, is buried at Giza | |
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| c. 2500 BC |
| | Trade lnks, probably by sea in Phoenician ships from Byblos, are established between Egypt and Phoenicia | |
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| c. 2500 BC |
| | The largest sculpture of the ancient world, a sphinx with the face of the pharaoh Khufu, is carved in situ at Giza | |
| | Sphinx Photograph Josceline Dimbleby
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