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| 4000 BC |
| | | Taro, probably the earliest plant cultivated in Papua New Guinea, has an edible root that needs to be mashed by pestle and mortar | |
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| c. 4000 BC |
| | | Grapes are cultivated in the region of the Caspian see, where the grape vine Vitis vinifera is indigenous | |
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| c. 3500 BC |
| | | Olives are cultivated in Crete and will provide, in the form of olive oil, one of the main staples of Mediterranean trade | |
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| c. 3250 BC |
| | | A neolithic herdsman dies high in the Alps - and is perfectly preserved in ice | |
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| c. 3100 BC |
| | | Sumer develops as the first centre of Mesopotamian civilization | |
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| c. 3100 BC |
| | | Writing is developed, at Sumer, as cuneiform script on clay tablets | |
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| c. 3100 BC |
| | | The Egyptian hieroglyphic script develops at much the same time as the Sumerian cuneiform | |
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| c. 3000 BC |
| | | An easily portable writing surface is developed, from the papyrus plant of the Nile | |
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| c. 3000 BC |
| | | The llama and the alpaca, two south American members of the camel family, are domesticated | |
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| c. 3000 BC |
| | | Wheels are in use on carts, particularly where wood is easily available and the ground rough - as in the forests of Europe | |
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