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| c. 50,000 to 30,000 years ago |
| | | Neanderthals decline in numbers, first in Asia and then in Europe | |
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| c. 45,000 years ago |
| | | Neanderthals carve a flute from the leg bone of a young bear, in the region that is now Slovenia | |
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| c. 35,000 years ago |
| | | Palaeolithic hunter-gatherers use mammoth tusks and bones to support hide-covered tents at Dolni Vestonice (in the Czech Republic) | |
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| c. 35,000 years ago |
| | | The earliest known Venus figurine, with very much emphasized sexual features, is carved near the Hohle Fels cave in Germany from the tusk of a woolly mammoth | |
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| c. 35,000 years ago |
| | | The Neanderthals vanish quite suddenly from the fossil record, leaving modern humans as the only surviving members of our species | |
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| c. 35,000 to 14,000 years ago |
| | | The Upper Palaeolithic era is the final section of the Old Stone Age, lasting until the Neolithic Era | |
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| c. 31,000 years ago |
| | | Rhinoceroses, lions and mammoth feature on the walls of the Chauvet cave, in southern France | |
|  | Rhinoceros in the Chauvet cave
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| c. 30,000 years ago |
| | | With the onset of the most recent Ice Age (the Holocene), layers of ice up to two miles thick blanket northern regions, causing a massive reduction in sea level | |
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| c. 30,000 years ago |
| | | With the sea level falling, a land bridge (known as Beringia) forms between Siberia and Alaska, enabling humans to enter the continent of America | |
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| c. 30,000 years ago |
| | | Painted and engraved images, on the rock face in a cave near Twyfelfontein in Namibia, date from this period | |
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