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| c. 150,000 years ago |
| | | A possible second migration from Africa begins, involving at some time the ancestors of modern man, Homo sapiens sapiens | |
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| c. 130,000 years ago |
| | | Neanderthal man is by now well established in Europe and Asia, probably having evolved after his ancestors left Africa | |
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| 77,000 years ago |
| | | In the Blombos cave in South Africa stones are engraved with patterns of lines, either decorative or practical (as a form of tally) | |
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| c. 30,000 years ago |
| | | Painted and engraved images, on the rock face in a cave near Twyfelfontein in Namibia, date from this period | |
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| c. 5000 BC |
| | | The Sahara, damp enough for the hippopotamus, supports neolithic communities until it begins to dry up in about 3000 BC | |
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| c. 4400 BC |
| | | The first evidence of a loom comes from this period in Egypt, but some simple method of holding the warp must be as old as weaving | |
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| c. 4000 BC |
| | | A simple hand-held plough is in use in Egypt and Mesopotamia, at least 1000 years before a heavier version is pulled by oxen | |
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| c. 3100 BC |
| | | Upper and Lower Egypt are unified into a single kingdom, inaugurating the first Egyptian dynasty | |
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| c. 3100 BC |
| | | The Egyptians paint murals on the walls of tombs, designed to help the occupants in the next world | |
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| c. 3100 BC |
| | | The Egyptian hieroglyphic script develops at much the same time as the Sumerian cuneiform | |
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