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| c. 500,000 years ago |
| | | Peking man shelters in caves south of modern Beijing, leaving many scraps of evidence of his way of life | |
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| c. 500,000 years ago |
| | | Fire is used in China by Peking man, and may have been in use much earlier in Africa | |
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| c. 250,000 years ago |
| | | A spear of hardened yew, presumably flung or thrust by a human, fixes itself between the ribs of an elephant in what is now Saxony | |
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| c. 230,000 years ago |
| | | Humans evolve who can be classified as Homo sapiens - among them Neanderthal Man | |
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| c. 150,000 years ago |
| | | A possible second migration from Africa begins, involving at some time the ancestors of modern man, Homo sapiens sapiens | |
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| c. 130,000 years ago |
| | | Neanderthal man is by now well established in Europe and Asia, probably having evolved after his ancestors left Africa | |
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| c. 120,000 to 35,000 years ago |
| | | The Middle Palaeolithic era covers the period when Neanderthals and modern humans coexist in Europe and Asia | |
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| c. 90,000 years ago |
| | | Fossilized bones found in the caves of Skhul and Qafzeh, in modern Israel, are of anatomically modern humans | |
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| 77,000 years ago |
| | | In the Blombos cave in South Africa stones are engraved with patterns of lines, either decorative or practical (as a form of tally) | |
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| c. 60,000 years ago |
| | | The first human inhabitants of Australia make the crossing from southeast Asia | |
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