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| | | | East Africa |
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| c. 1.85 million years ago |
| | | A hominid, nicknamed Twiggy and thought to be in the species Homo habilis, is living in East Africa | |
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| c. 1.8 million years ago |
| | | A species of human in east Africa, Homo erectus, is probably the first identifiable ancestor of modern man | |
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| 1.6 million years ago |
| | | A Homo erectus boy, aged about ten, lives near Lake Turkana in Kenya and dies at Nariokotome | |
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| c. 2000 BC |
| | | Africa south of the equatorial forests is largely inhabited by the Khoisan, of whom the San and the Hottentots are the modern survivors | |
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| c. 500 BC |
| | | The rulers of Aksum, the first Ethiopian kingdom, claim descent from Solomon and the Queen of Sheba | |
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| c. 350 |
| | | Frumentius, brought to Ethiopia as a slave, becomes the kingdom's first Christian bishop | |
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| c. 543 |
| | | Christianity reaches the kingdom of Dongola, in present-day Sudan | |
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| c. 780 |
| | | Islam reaches Shanga, off the east coast of Africa, with the building of a tiny wooden mosque | |
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| c. 1050 |
| | | A Muslim dynasty is established at Kilwa, on the east African coast | |
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| 1315 |
| | | Islam replaces Christianity as the religion of the kings of Dongola, in present-day Sudan | |
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