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| | | | Life sciences |
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| c. 2.2 to 1.4 million years ago |
| | | Homo Habilis, the earliest widely acknowledged species in the genus Homo, lives in East Africa with a brain size much greater than the contemporary Australopithecus Boisei | |
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| c. 1.85 million years ago |
| | | A hominid, nicknamed Twiggy and thought to be in the species Homo habilis, is living in East Africa | |
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| c. 800,000 years ago |
| | | The last common ancestor of modern humans and Neanderthals evolves in Africa (possibly the species known as Homo Rhodesiensis) | |
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| c. 130,000 years ago |
| | | Neanderthal man is by now well established in Europe and Asia, probably having evolved after his ancestors left Africa | |
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| c. 120,000 to 35,000 years ago |
| | | The Middle Palaeolithic era covers the period when Neanderthals and modern humans coexist in Europe and Asia | |
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| c. 50,000 to 30,000 years ago |
| | | Neanderthals decline in numbers, first in Asia and then in Europe | |
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| c. 35,000 to 14,000 years ago |
| | | The Upper Palaeolithic era is the final section of the Old Stone Age, lasting until the Neolithic Era | |
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| c. 1000 BC |
| | | By now the mammoth, the giant bison and the horse are all extinct in America, partly because of the warming climate and partly because of the success of humans with spears | |
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| c. 570 BC |
| | | Anaximander, a pupil of Thales, develops bold theories about the formation of the earth and the beginning of life | |
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| c. 380 BC |
| | | A Greek text, attributed to Polybus, argues that the human body is composed of four humours | |
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