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| 1851 |
| | | An American clergyman, L.L. Langstroth, discovers the 'bee space', which becomes a standard feature of the modern beehive | |
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| 1851 |
| | | Samson Raphael Hirsch becomes rabbi of a synagogue in Frankfurt, where he develops the theme of neo-Orthodoxy | |
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| 1851 |
| | | Thomas Cubitt completes Osborne House, designed as a quiet retreat for Victoria and Albert on the Isle of Wight | |
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| 1851 |
| | | Giuseppe Verdi's opera Rigoletto, based on a play by Victor Hugo, is a huge success at its premiere in Venice | |
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| 1851 |
| | | English photographer Frederick Scott Archer publishes the details of his collodion process, a marked improvement on the earlier calotype negative | |
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| 1851 |
| | | German physicist Hermann von Helmholtz invents the ophthalmoscope, making it possible for a doctor to examine the inside of a patient's eye | |
|  | Principle of Helmholtz's ophthalmoscope
Wellcome Library, London
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| 1851 |
| | | English textile magnate Titus Salt begins to build Saltaire as a model industrial village for his workers | |
|  | Saltaire Mills
English Heritage National Monuments Record
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| 1851 |
| | | Joseph Paxton's Crystal Palace, built in London in six months, is the world's first example of prefabricated architecture | |
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| 1851 |
| | | French physicist Léon Foucault demonstrates the rotation of the earth by means of a long pendulum suspended in the Pantheon in Paris | |
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| 1851 |
| | | The Australian gold rush begins with the discovery of gold fields at Ballarat and a few months later at Bendigo | |
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