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| 1556 |
| | | The division by Charles V of his territories means that there are now two Habsburg empires, Austrian and Spanish | |
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| 1557 |
| | | Sinan completes his masterpiece, the mosque of Suleiman I in Istanbul | |
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| 1557 |
| | | The Portuguese establish a trading post on Macao, a small peninsula off the south coast of China | |
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| 1558 |
| | | Elizabeth I succeeds peacefully to the throne of England, after the turmoil of Mary's Catholic reign | |
|  | Bettes Elizabeth I (detail)
National Maritime Museum
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| 1558 |
| | | William Cecil, later Lord Burghley, becomes Elizabeth's principal secretary - and remains in the post for forty years | |
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| 1558 |
| | | Mary Queen of Scots marries the heir to the French throne, who a year later succeeds as Francis II | |
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| c. 1558 |
| | | With its strong French connection, the Scottish royal name of Stewart begins to be spelt Stuart (there being no 'w' in native French words) | |
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| 1559 |
| | | John Knox returns to Scotland from Geneva and inspires the Protestants to march on Edinburgh | |
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| 1559 |
| | | A national synod of France's Protestants, the Huguenots, is convened in Paris | |
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| 1560 |
| | | A book to teach good handwriting is published by Gianfrancesco Cresci, with examples engraved on copper plates | |
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