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| 1516 |
| | | The original ghetto is established as a district to which the Jews of Venice are confined | |
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| 1516 |
| | | Ariosto, in Orlando Furioso, tells of Roland's madness when he is abandoned by the pagan princess Angelica | |
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| 1516 |
| | | Erasmus publishes an influential edition of the New Testament in its original Greek | |
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| 1517 |
| | | The Ottoman sultan, Selim I, captures Cairo and ends Mameluke rule in the middle east | |
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| 1517 |
| | | The last Abbasid caliph, captured by the Ottoman Turks, is taken as a prisoner to Istanbul - ending the authentic line of 'successors' to Muhammad | |
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| from 1517 |
| | | From Bosnia to Egypt and Arabia, the Ottoman Turks now rule the largest Muslim empire since the early caliphate - and will frequently use the title of caliph to assert their authority within Sunni Islam | |
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| 1517 |
| | | Leonardo da Vinci moves to France, on the invitation of Francis I | |
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| 1517 |
| | | The local sale of indulgences by Johann Tetzel outrages a friar teaching in Wittenberg, Martin Luther | |
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| 1517 |
| | | Martin Luther nails his 95 Theses to the door of the castle church in Wittenberg | |
|  | Woodcut portrait of Martin Luther
National Archives, Kew
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| 1518 |
| | | Philipp Melanchthon joins the Wittenberg university to teach Greek and inspires Luther to translate the New Testament | |
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