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| 664 |
| | | The king of Northumbria summons a synod at Whitby to hear the arguments of Roman and Celtic Christians, then opts for Rome | |
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| 670 |
| | | The Arabs establish a garrison town at Kairouan, as a base for the conquest of northwest Africa | |
|  | Kairouan
Photograph Barnaby Rogerson
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| c. 670 |
| | | With the entire middle east under their control, the Arabs make Damascus the capital of the Umayyad caliphate | |
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| 674 |
| | | A Muslim fleet attacking Constantinople is deterred by the first known use of the Byzantine secret recipe for 'Greek fire' | |
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| 680 |
| | | Husayn, the son of Ali, dies at Karbala in a battle against rival Muslims and becomes the most holy of Shi'ite martyrs | |
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| c. 687 |
| | | With a victory at Tertry, Pepin II wins effective control over all three Frankish kingdoms | |
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| 691 |
| | | The Dome of the Rock is completed as a Muslim shrine on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem | |
|  | Jerusalem, Dome of the Rock
Fotofile CG
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| 695 |
| | | Willibrord, recently arrived from England to convert the Frisians, is consecrated archbishop of a new see in Utrecht | |
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| 698 |
| | | Carthage is captured from the Byzantines by the Arabs and is finally destroyed, though Tunis will later rise nearby | |
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| c. 698 |
| | | The Lindisfarne Gospels are written and illuminated by Celtic monks on the Scottish island of Lindisfarne | |
|  | Lindisfarne Gospels
British Library
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