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| c. 650 |
| | | In the Frankish kingdoms the 'mayors of the palace' steadily become more powerful than their nominal masters, the Merovingian kings | |
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| c. 650 |
| | | The Book of Durrow, one of the earliest of the great Celtic manuscripts, is written and illuminated in Ireland | |
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| c. 650 |
| | | Under the caliph Othman, the revelations made to Muhammad are collected in their definitive form as the Qur'an | |
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| c. 650 |
| | | Jews and Christians, sharing with Muslims the status of 'people of the book', are promised religious tolerance in the Qur'an | |
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| c. 650 |
| | | The Vikings develop the fast and narrow longships with which they raid across the North Sea | |
|  | Viking ship
Fotofile CG
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| c. 650 |
| | | Songtsen Gampo builds temples in Lhasa for his two Buddhist wives, thus introducing the religion to Tibet | |
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| c. 650 |
| | | Thonmi Sambhota, a student of Sanskrit, devises a way of writing Tibetan and produces treatises on Tibetan grammar | |
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| 656 |
| | | Othman is assassinated, and Ali wins power as the fourth Muslim caliph - defeating Muhammad's widow Aisha at the 'battle of the camel' near Basra | |
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| 661 |
| | | Ali is assassinated and Mu'awiya becomes the fifth Muslim caliph, establishing the Umayyad dynasty | |
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| c. 661 |
| | | The emergence of the Shi'a party creates a major schism within Islam | |
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