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| 1645 |
| | | Thomas Fairfax and Oliver Cromwell form England's first professional army, calling it the New Model Army | |
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| c. 1645 |
| | | The Dutch artist Aelbert Cuyp paints landscapes that glow with the warmth of gentle sunlight | |
|  | Cuyp, Herdsmen with Cows c.1660 (detail)
Dulwich Picture Gallery
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| 1645 |
| | | The royalist forces, again under the command of Rupert of the Rhine, suffer another major defeat at Naseby | |
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| 1646 |
| | | The aged Powhatan leader Opechancanough is captured by the English and executed, ending the last significant Indian threat to Virginia | |
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| 1646 |
| | | With a parliamentary army surrounding royalist Oxford, Charles I escapes in disguise and heads north | |
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| 1646 |
| | | With the help of his more robust brother-in-law, Blaise Pascal provides physical proof that atmospheric pressure varies with altitude | |
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| 1646 |
| | | A young Hindu prince, Shivaji, captures Bijapur in a campaign against Muslim rulers that will result in his establishing a Maratha empire | |
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| 1646 |
| | | Charles I puts himself in the hands of a Scottish army, opposed at the time to the English parliament | |
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| 1647 |
| | | The Swiss cantons agree on joint action to defend their external borders, in the pact known as the Defensionale of Wyl | |
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| 1647 |
| | | The Scottish army holding Charles I makes peace with parliament, and hands the king to parliamentary commissioners | |
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