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| 1555 |
| | | The Muscovy Company is granted a monopoly by the crown to trade with Russia, as the first of the English chartered companies | |
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| 1555 |
| | | The Peace of Augsburg achieves a compromise which for a while solves the religious tensions deriving from the Reformation | |
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| 1555 |
| | | Civil war within India enables Humayun to win a battle at Sirhind and recover the Mughal throne | |
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| 1555 |
| | | The Protestant martyrs, though few in number, ensure the reputation of Bloody Mary in English history | |
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| 1556 |
| | | Charles V abdicates, handing the Netherlands and Spain to his son Philip and the title of Holy Roman emperor to his brother Ferdinand | |
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| 1556 |
| | | Humayun dies and Akbar, the greatest of the Mughal emperors, inherits the throne at the age of thirteen | |
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| 1556 |
| | | The division by Charles V of his territories means that there are now two Habsburg empires, Austrian and Spanish | |
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| 1557 |
| | | Sinan completes his masterpiece, the mosque of Suleiman I in Istanbul | |
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| 1557 |
| | | The Portuguese establish a trading post on Macao, a small peninsula off the south coast of China | |
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| 1558 |
| | | Elizabeth I succeeds peacefully to the throne of England, after the turmoil of Mary's Catholic reign | |
|  | Bettes Elizabeth I (detail)
National Maritime Museum
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