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| 1558 |
| | | William Cecil, later Lord Burghley, becomes Elizabeth's principal secretary - and remains in the post for forty years | |
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| 1558 |
| | | Mary Queen of Scots marries the heir to the French throne, who a year later succeeds as Francis II | |
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| c. 1558 |
| | | With its strong French connection, the Scottish royal name of Stewart begins to be spelt Stuart (there being no 'w' in native French words) | |
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| 1559 |
| | | John Knox returns to Scotland from Geneva and inspires the Protestants to march on Edinburgh | |
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| 1559 |
| | | A national synod of France's Protestants, the Huguenots, is convened in Paris | |
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| 1560 |
| | | A book to teach good handwriting is published by Gianfrancesco Cresci, with examples engraved on copper plates | |
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| 1560 |
| | | Tobacco is grown in Europe's physic gardens for its medicinal qualities | |
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| 1560 |
| | | A year after Mary has become queen of France, her husband Francis II dies | |
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| 1561 |
| | | Mary Queen of Scots returns from France to Edinburgh, and to an inevitable clash with John Knox | |
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| 1563 |
| | | Philip II begins construction of the palace and monastery known as the Escorial | |
|  | Escorial, near Madrid
Fotofile CG
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