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| 1541 |
| | | Suleiman I takes Buda (now Budapest), and by 1547 the Turks occupy almost the whole of Hungary | |
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| 1541 |
| | | Francis Xavier, companion of Ignatius Loyola and the first missionary of the Counter-Reformation, sets sail from Lisbon | |
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| 1542 |
| | | New Laws are passed in Spain, in an attempt to protect the Indians on the encomiendas of Spanish America | |
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| 1542 |
| | | Francis Xavier reaches Goa, at the start of the great mission to the east that will last the nine years until his death | |
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| 1542 |
| | | Pope Paul III establishes the Roman Inquisition, with the specific task of fighting against the Protestant heresy | |
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| 1542 |
| | | Henry VIII's fourth wife, Catherine Howard, is beheaded on a charge of adultery with Thomas Culpeper | |
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| 1542 |
| | | A one-week-old Scottish infant, daughter of James V, inherits the throne as Mary Queen of Scots | |
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| 1543 |
| | | Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus publishes a book suggesting that the earth moves round the sun | |
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| 1543 |
| | | The first Europeans reach Japan by accident, blown ashore in a storm | |
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| 1543 |
| | | Flemish anatomist Andreas Vesalius publishes a seven-volume work which for the first time lays bare human anatomy | |
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