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| c. 48 |
| | | St Paul, taking ship to Cyprus, begins the first of his great missionary journeys | |
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| c. 48 |
| | | St Paul, on his travels within the Roman empire, begins converting non-Jews (or Gentiles) to the new Christian faith | |
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| c. 50 |
| | | The Roman surgeon Cornelius Celsus describes in De Medicina how to cut stones from a patient's bladder | |
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| c. 50 |
| | | The Thessalonians receive the first of Paul's epistles - the earliest text in the New Testament, written in Greek | |
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| c. 50 |
| | | A western adaptation of the Persian cult of Mithras, evolving probably in Anatolia, is spread through the empire by the Roman army | |
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| c. 50 |
| | | A working week of seven days is adopted in Rome, based on the seven known planets (whose names provide the days) | |
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| c. 50 |
| | | The leaders of the Christian church gather in Jerusalem to decide an urgent question - must Gentile converts undergo circumcision? | |
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| c. 50 |
| | | Tribes speaking Finno-Ugric languages are by now settled around the northeast of the Baltic, in modern Estonia and Finland | |
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| 54 |
| | | The 16-year-old Nero is proclaimed emperor by the praetorian guards after the death of Claudius, supposedly poisoned by toadstools | |
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| c. 60 |
| | | St Peter, believed to have come to Rome as leader of the Christian community, is subsequently considered the first pope | |
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