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45 BC
 
     
In the final act of his long struggle with supporters of Pompey, Julius Caesar defeats their last survivors at Munda in Spain        
45 BC
 
Narrative history in HistoryWorld     
Julius Caesar's new calendar is introduced, at a time when its predecessor has become out of step with the seasons by three months       
44 BC
 
Narrative history in HistoryWorld     
On March 15, the Ides of March, Julius Caesar is stabbed to death during a meeting of the senate       
Damaged head of Julius Caesar, c.50 AD
British Museum

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44 BC
 
    
Mark Antony gives a dramatic speech in praise of Caesar, calming the crowd but also positioning himself for the next stage in an ongoing power struggle       
44 BC
 
Narrative history in HistoryWorld     
Octavian, an 18-year-old student in Apollonia, hears that he has been named by his uncle, Julius Caesar, as his successor and heir       
44 BC
 
     
Soon after the assassination of Caesar, Cleopatra and Caesarion return to Egypt        
44 BC
 
    
Cleopatra appoints Caesarion, now aged three, her co-ruler and heir       
44 BC
 
    
Cleopatra's brother and co-ruler, Ptolemy XIV, dies – probably at her command       
43 BC
 
Narrative history in HistoryWorld      
Octavian, Mark Antony and Lepidus meet in Bologna and form an alliance known as the second triumvirate        
42 BC
 
Narrative history in HistoryWorld      
Octavian and Mark Antony defeat the armies of Brutus and Cassius at Philippi, after which Brutus and Cassius commit suicide