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| 45 BC |
| | In the final act of his long struggle with supporters of Pompey, Julius Caesar defeats their last survivors at Munda in Spain | |
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| 45 BC |
| | Julius Caesar's new calendar is introduced, at a time when its predecessor has become out of step with the seasons by three months | |
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| 44 BC |
| | On March 15, the Ides of March, Julius Caesar is stabbed to death during a meeting of the senate | |
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| 44 BC |
| | Mark Antony gives a dramatic speech in praise of Caesar, calming the crowd but also positioning himself for the next stage in an ongoing power struggle | |
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| 44 BC |
| | Octavian, an 18-year-old student in Apollonia, hears that he has been named by his uncle, Julius Caesar, as his successor and heir | |
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| 44 BC |
| | Soon after the assassination of Caesar, Cleopatra and Caesarion return to Egypt | |
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| 44 BC |
| | Cleopatra appoints Caesarion, now aged three, her co-ruler and heir | |
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| 44 BC |
| | Cleopatra's brother and co-ruler, Ptolemy XIV, dies – probably at her command | |
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| 43 BC |
| | Octavian, Mark Antony and Lepidus meet in Bologna and form an alliance known as the second triumvirate | |
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| 42 BC |
| | Octavian and Mark Antony defeat the armies of Brutus and Cassius at Philippi, after which Brutus and Cassius commit suicide | |
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