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| 431 BC |
| | | A sudden attack on Plataea (an ally of Athens) by Thebes (an ally of Sparta) begins the Second Peloponnesian War | |
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| 431 BC |
| | | The renewal of the Peloponnesian War prompts Thucydides to begin a great work of contemporary history | |
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| c. 430 BC |
| | | Siddartha Gautama, a prince in Nepal, leaves home to become a wandering ascetic | |
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| c. 430v |
| | | Phidias creates a massive statue of Zeus, covered in gold and ivory, to stand in the temple at Olympia | |
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| 430 BC |
| | | A plague strikes Athens in the second year of the Peloponnesian War | |
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| 429 BC |
| | | Pericles dies in Athens of the plague | |
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| 427 BC |
| | | Athenians vote to kill all the men on the captured island of Mytilene, but the next day change their mind - almost too late | |
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| c. 425 BC |
| | | Aristophanes wins first prize in Athens for his comedy The Acharnians | |
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| c. 424 BC |
| | | Gautama Buddha preaches his first sermon, at Sarnath, setting out the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path | |
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| c. 424 BC |
| | | Gautama, after a night of meditation under a pipal tree at Buddh Gaya, is 'enlightened' and becomes the Buddha | |
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