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| c. 4000 BC |
| | | Oxen are the first draught animals, in use at this time in the Middle East and in Europe | |
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| c. 4000 BC |
| | | In Mesopotamia, and on the grass steppes of southern Russia, oxen are used to pull heavy loads on sledges | |
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| c. 4000 BC |
| | | A simple hand-held plough is in use in Egypt and Mesopotamia, at least 1000 years before a heavier version is pulled by oxen | |
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| c. 4000 BC |
| | | Beer is brewed in Mesopotamia, where barley is an indigenous crop | |
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| 4000 BC |
| | | Taro, probably the earliest plant cultivated in Papua New Guinea, has an edible root that needs to be mashed by pestle and mortar | |
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| c. 4000 BC |
| | | A beautiful pestle in the shape of a bird is made in Papua New Guinea, clearly more for ceremonial occasions rather than everyday use | |
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| c. 4000 BC |
| | | Grapes are cultivated in the region of the Caspian see, where the grape vine Vitis vinifera is indigenous | |
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| c. 3800 BC |
| | | Copper is extracted from ore by smelting at various sites in Iran | |
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| 3761 BC |
| | | Later selected by Hebrew scholars as the date when the world began, this becomes the first year (AM 1) in Jewish chronology | |
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| c. 3500 BC |
| | | Olives are cultivated in Crete and will provide, in the form of olive oil, one of the main staples of Mediterranean trade | |
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