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c. 120,000 to 35,000 years ago
 
   
The Middle Palaeolithic era covers the period when Neanderthals and modern humans coexist in Europe and Asia      
c. 90,000 years ago
 
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Fossilized bones found in the caves of Skhul and Qafzeh, in modern Israel, are of anatomically modern humans     
77,000 years ago
 
   
In the Blombos cave in South Africa stones are engraved with patterns of lines, either decorative or practical (as a form of tally)      
Engraved red ochre stone, from the Blombos cave


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c. 60,000 years ago
 
Narrative history in HistoryWorld   
The first human inhabitants of Australia make the crossing from southeast Asia     
c. 50,000 to 30,000 years ago
 
  
Neanderthals decline in numbers, first in Asia and then in Europe     
c. 45,000 years ago
 
Narrative history in HistoryWorld    
Neanderthals carve a flute from the leg bone of a young bear, in the region that is now Slovenia      
c. 35,000 years ago
 
Narrative history in HistoryWorld     
Palaeolithic hunter-gatherers use mammoth tusks and bones to support hide-covered tents at Dolni Vestonice (in the Czech Republic)       
c. 35,000 years ago
 
   
The earliest known Venus figurine, with very much emphasized sexual features, is carved near the Hohle Fels cave in Germany from the tusk of a woolly mammoth      
c. 35,000 years ago
 
Narrative history in HistoryWorld    
The Neanderthals vanish quite suddenly from the fossil record, leaving modern humans as the only surviving members of our species      
c. 35,000 to 14,000 years ago
 
  
The Upper Palaeolithic era is the final section of the Old Stone Age, lasting until the Neolithic Era