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| 1881 |
| | | The first pogroms, or officially sanctioned attacks on Jews and their property, take place in Russia | |
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| 1882 |
| | | The first settlements of European Jews, returning to the promised land, are established in Palestine | |
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| 1894 |
| | | Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish officer in the French army, is convicted of treason and sent to Devil's Island in French Guiana | |
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| 1896 |
| | | Theodor Herzl publishes The Jewish State, calling for a national homeland for all Jews | |
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| 1897 |
| | | Jewish composer Gustav Mahler is baptized a Christian so as to be eligible to conduct the Vienna Opera | |
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| 1897 |
| | | The first Zionist Congress is held in Basel with Theodor Herzl in the chair | |
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| 1917 |
| | | Foreign Secretary A.J. Balfour declares Britain's conditional support for a homeland in Palestine for the Jews | |
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| 1920 |
| | | The Haganah is set up as an underground military organization to protect Jewish settlements in Palestine | |
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| 1929 |
| | | Arabs in the Palestinian town of Hebron turn on their Jewish neighbours and murder sixty-seven | |
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| 1931 |
| | | Irgun, a new Jewish paramilitary group, is set up by Haganah commanders frustrated by the older organization's policies | |
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