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| 1534 |
| | | French explorer Jacques Cartier charts the Gulf of St Lawrence and, in 1525, explores up the river as far as Montreal | |
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| 1535 |
| | | Cartier, welcomed by the Huron Indians, gives their island in the St Lawrence river the name of Montreal | |
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| 1540 |
| | | Francisco Vasquez de Coronado penetrates far north and west of Texas in an expedition searching for gold | |
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| 1568 |
| | | Discovery of the Solomon Islands by a Spanish ship prompts interest in a possible Terra Australis Incognita ('unknown southern land') | |
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| 1577 |
| | | Francis Drake sails from Plymouth, heading west for the Pacific and the East Indies | |
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| 1580 |
| | | Francis Drake returns to England after his three-year voyage round the world and is knighted by Queen Elizabeth on board his Golden Hind | |
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| 1594 |
| | | Willem Barents sets off on the first of his three expeditions to find a passage to the east through the waters north of Russia | |
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| 1609 |
| | | Henry Hudson reaches the inlet of New York Bay and explores the river now known by his name | |
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| 1611 |
| | | Henry Hudson, after wintering in Hudson Bay, is set adrift in an open boat by his mutinous crew | |
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| 1616 |
| | | John Smith publishes A Description of New England, an account of his exploration of the region in 1614 | |
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