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  Roman empire
 First Roman year -753
 
 Byzantium founded c. -667
 
 Etruscans in Rome c. -550
 
 Etruscans driven out of Rome -510
 
 Rome gets senate and consuls -510
 
 Rome takes first step towards empire -396
 
 Via Appia open to traffic -312
 
 Roman legion improves on Greek phalanx c. -300
 
 Vestal virgins c. -300
 
 Roman tortoise effective in war -299
 
 Gladiators fight in Rome -264
 
 Rapid-response fleet for Rome -260
 
 Roman raven effective at sea -260
 
 Roman numerals c. -250
 
 Sicily is Rome's first province -241
 
 Sardinia and Corsica form a province -227
 
 Builders get cement c. -200
 
 Rome 'liberates' Greece -196
 
 Cato writes history of Rome c. -160
 
 Secret ballot in Rome -139
 
 Romans in Provence -121
 
 Gaius Marius halts Teutones -102
 
 Cimbri penetrate northern Italy -101
 
 Athens looted by Romans -86
 
 Pompey annexes Syria -64
 
 Silk Road reaches Mediterranean -64
 
 Pompey takes Jerusalem -63
 
 Caesar in Gaul -58
 
 Britain invaded by Caesar -55
 
 Caesar invades Britain again -54
 
 Parthian victory at Carrhae -53
 
 Vercingetorix defeats Caesar -52
 
 Caesar writes Gallic War -52
 
 Veni, vidi, vici -47
 
 Vercingetorix in Caesar's Roman show -46
 
 Caesar founds town at Carthage -46
 
 Caesar introduces new calendar -45
 
 Shock on Ides of March -44
 
 Octavian is Caesar's heir -44
 
 Octavian, Mark Antony, Lepidus form trio -43
 
 Octavian wins at Philippi -42
 
 Cleopatra in golden barge -41
 
 Virgil, poet of Italy -37
 
 Antony and Cleopatra marry -37
 
 Herod rules Palestine -37
 
 Maecenas buys farm for Horace c. -34
 
 Octavian wins at Actium -31
 
 Asp in Cleopatra's bosom -30
 
 Rome controls Mediterranean -30